How solar PV systems work
Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the use of photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are typically made from semiconductor materials like silicon. When sunlight strikes the surface of the PV cells, it excites the electrons within the semiconductor material. This energy causes the electrons to break free from their atoms, creating an electric current. This process is called the photovoltaic effect.
The electricity generated by the solar panels is direct current (DC), meaning the flow of electricity moves in one direction. However, most UK households use alternating current (AC) electricity to power appliances. To make the DC electricity usable, it passes through an inverter, which converts it into AC electricity.
Once converted, the electricity can be used to power household appliances such as lights, televisions, and heating systems. If the solar panels produce more electricity than is needed at the time, the excess can be stored in a battery system for later use. Alternatively, this surplus electricity can be fed back (exported) into the National Grid.
SEG
Smart Export Guarantee
Under the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG), homeowners with solar panels can receive payments for the excess electricity they export to the grid. The SEG is a government scheme that requires energy suppliers to offer a tariff to small-scale renewable energy producers, incentivising the generation of clean energy and helping to offset the installation cost of solar panels.
Efficiency
The efficiency of solar panels is affected by various factors, including the angle of installation, geographic location, and weather conditions. While solar panels work best in direct sunlight, they can still generate electricity on cloudy days, though at a reduced rate. In the UK, solar panels are most effective during the summer months when sunlight is more abundant, but they can still provide a meaningful amount of energy throughout the year.
